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The Kurds are an ethno-linguistically Iranian group who have historically inhabited the mountainous areas to the south of Caucasus (Northern Zagros and Eastern Taurus mountain ranges), a geographical area collectively referred to as Kurdistan. Most Kurds speak Kurmanji or Sorani, which both belong to the Kurdish languages. There are various hypotheses as to predecessor populations of the Kurds, such as the Carduchoi of Classical Antiquity. The earliest known Kurdish dynasties under Islamic rule (10th to 12th centuries) are the Hasanwayhids, the Marwanids, the Rawadids, the Shaddadids, followed by the Ayyubid dynasty founded by Saladin. The Battle of Chaldiran of 1514 is an important turning point in Kurdish history, marking the alliance of Kurds with the Ottomans. The ''Sharafnameh'' of 1597 is the first account of Kurdish history. Kurdish history in the 20th century is marked by a rising sense of Kurdish nationhood focused on the goal of an independent Kurdistan as scheduled by the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920. Partial autonomy was reached by Kurdistan Uyezd (1923–1926) and by Iraqi Kurdistan (since 1991), while notably in Turkish Kurdistan, an armed conflict between the PKK and Turkish Armed Forces was ongoing from 1984 to 1999, and the region continues to be unstable with renewed violence flaring up in the 2000s. ==Name== The ethnonym ''Kurd'' may ultimately derive from an ancient toponym in the upper Tigris basin. According to some theories, it originates in Middle Persian as ''kwrt-'', a term for "nomad; tent-dweller". After the Muslim conquest of Persia, this term is adopted into Arabic as ''kurd-'', and was used specifically of nomadic tribes. By the 16th century, there seems to develop an ethnic identity designated by the term ''Kurd'' among various Northwestern Iranian groups. without reference to any specific Iranian language.〔〔 Sherefxan Bidlisi in the 16th century states that there are four division of "Kurds": ''Kurmanj'', ''Lur'', ''Kalhor'' and ''Guran'', each of which speak a different dialect or language variation. Paul (2008) notes that the 16th-century usage of the term ''Kurd'' as recorded by Bidlisi, regardless of linguistic grouping, might still reflect an incipient Northwestern Iranian "Kurdish" ethnic identity uniting the Kurmanj, Kalhur, and Guran. Kurdish author Mehrdad Izady conversely argues that any nomadic groups called ''kurd'' in medieval Arabic are "bona fide ethnic Kurds", and that it is conversely the non-Kurdish groups descended from them who have "acquired separate ethnic identities since the end of the medieval period". As for the Middle Persian noun ''kwrt-'' originating in an ancient toponym, it has been argued that it may ultimately reflect a Bronze Age toponym ''Qardu'', ''Kar-da'',〔Hakan Ozoglu, ''Kurdish notables and the Ottoman State'', 2004, SUNY Press, 186 pp., ISBN 0-7914-5993-4 (See p. 23)〕 which may also be reflected in the Arabic (Quranic) toponym ''Ǧūdī'' (re-adopted in Kurdish as ''Cûdî'') 〔G. S. Reynolds, ''A Reflection on Two Qurʾānic Words (Iblīs and Jūdī), with Attention to the Theories of A. Mingana'', Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 124, No. 4 (October –December , 2004), pp. 675–689. (see p.683, 684 & 687)〕〔Ilya Gershevitch, William Bayne Fisher, The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achamenian Periods, 964 pp., Cambridge University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-521-20091-1, ISBN 978-0-521-20091-2, (see footnote of p.257)〕 The name would be continued in classical antiquity as the first element in the toponym ''Corduene'', and its inhabitants, mentioned by Xenophon as the tribe of the ''Carduchoi'' who opposed the retreat of the Ten Thousand through the mountains north of Mesopotamia in the 4th century BC. Alternatively, ''kwrt-'' may be a derivation from the name of the ''Cyrtii'' tribe instead. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of the Kurds」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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